Adaptive strategies based on shrub leaf-stem anatomy and their environmental interpretations in the eastern Qaidam Basin.

BACKGROUND: Water stress seriously affects the survival of plants in natural ecosystems. Plant resistance to water stress relies on adaptive strategies, which are mainly based on plant anatomy with following relevant functions: (1) increase in water uptake and storage; (2) reduction of water loss; and (3) mechanical reinforcement of tissues. We measured 15 leaf-stem anatomical traits of five dominant shrub species from 12 community plots in the eastern Qaidam Basin to explore adaptive strategies based on plant leaf-stem anatomy at species and community levels. and their relationship with environmental stresses were tested. RESULTS: Results showed that the combination of leaf-stem anatomical traits formed three types of adaptive strategies with the drought tolerance of leaf and stem taken as two coordinate axes. Three types of water stress were caused by environmental factors in the eastern Qaidam Basin, and the established adaptive strategy triangle could be well explained by these environmental stresses. The interpretation of the strategic triangle was as follows: (1) exploitative plant strategy, in which leaf and stem adopt the hydraulic efficiency strategy and safety strategy, respectively. This strategy is mostly applied to plants in sandy desert (i.e., Nitraria tangutorum, and Artemisia sphaerocephala) which is mainly influenced by drought stress; (2) stable plant strategy, in which both leaf/assimilation branches and stem adopt hydraulic safety strategy. This strategy is mostly applied to plants in salty desert (i.e., Kalidium foliatum and Haloxylon ammodendron) which aridity has little effect on them; and (3) opportunistic plant strategy, in which leaf and stem adopt hydraulic safety strategy and water transport efficiency strategy. This strategy is mostly applied to plants in multiple habitats (i.e., Sympegma regelii) which is mainly affected by coldness stress. CONCLUSION: The proposed adaptive strategy system could provide a basis for elucidating the ecological adaptation mechanism of desert woody plants and the scientific management of natural vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Stem moisture content prediction model for Larix olgensis based on beta regression.

To investigate the longitudinal variation patterns of sapwood, heartwood, bark and stem moisture content along the trunk of artificial Larix olgensis, we constructed mixed effect models of moisture content based on beta regression by combining the effects of sampling plot and sample trees. We used two sampling schemes to calibrate the model, without limiting the relative height (Scheme Ⅰ) and with a limiting height of less than 2 m (Scheme II). The results showed that sapwood and stem moisture content increased gradually along the trunk, heartwood moisture content decreased slightly and then increased along the trunk, and bark moisture content increased along the trunk and then levelled off before increasing. Relative height, height to crown base, stand area at breast height per hectare, age, and stand dominant height were main factors driving moisture content of L. olgensis. Scheme Ⅰ showed the stable prediction accuracy when randomly sampling moisture content measurements from 2-3 discs to calibrate the model, with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of up to 7.2% for stem moisture content (randomly selected 2 discs), and the MAPE of up to 7.4%, 10.5% and 10.5% for sapwood, heartwood and bark moisture content (randomly selected 3 discs), respectively. Scheme Ⅱ was appropriate when sampling moisture content measurements from discs of 1.3 and 2 m height and the MAPE of sapwood, heartwood, bark and stem moisture content reached 7.8%, 11.0%, 10.4% and 7.1%, respectively. The prediction accuracies of all mixed effect beta regression models were better than the base model. The two-level mixed effect beta regression models, considering both plot effect and tree effect, would be suitable for predicting moisture content of each part of L. olgensis well.

Characterization of three novel stem rot pathogens and their antagonistic endophytic bacteria associated with Cistanche deserticola.

Cistanche deserticola is a precious Chinese medicinal material with extremely high health care and medicinal value. In recent years, the frequent occurrence of stem rot has led to reduced or even no harvests of C. deserticola. The unstandardized use of farm chemicals in the prevention and control processes has resulted in excessive chemical residues, threatening the fragile desert ecological environment. Therefore, it is urgent to explore safe and efficient prevention and control technologies. Biocontrol agents, with the advantages of safety and environment-friendliness, would be an important idea. The isolation, screening and identification of pathogens and antagonistic endophytic bacteria are always the primary basis. In this study, three novel pathogens causing C. deserticola stem rot were isolated, identified and pathogenicity tested, namely Fusarium solani CPF1, F. proliferatum CPF2, and F. oxysporum CPF3. For the first time, the endophytic bacteria in C. deserticola were isolated and identified, of which 37 strains were obtained. Through dual culture assay, evaluation experiment and tissue culture verification, a biocontrol candidate strain Bacillus atrophaeus CE6 with outstanding control effect on the stem rot was screened out. In the tissue culture system, CE6 showed excellent control effect against F. solani and F. oxysporum, with the control efficacies reaching 97.2% and 95.8%, respectively, indicating its great potential for application in the production. This study is of great significance for the biocontrol of plant stem rot and improvement of the yield and quality of C. deserticola.

On the mechanism for winter stem pressure build-up in walnut trees.

Xylem embolism is a significant factor in tree mortality. Restoration of hydraulic conductivity after massive embolization of the vascular system requires the application of positive pressure to the vessels and/or the creation of new conductive elements. Some species generate positive pressure from the root system to propagate pressure in distal, aboveground organs in spring, whereas other species generate positive pressure locally at the stem level during winter. We provide a mechanistic explanation for winter stem pressure build-up in the walnut tree. We have developed a physical model that accounts for temperature fluctuations and phase transitions. This model is based on the exchange of water and sugars between living cells and vessels. Our computations demonstrate that vessel pressurization can be attributed to the transfer of water between vessels across the parenchyma rays, which is facilitated by a radial imbalance in sugar concentration. The ability to dispose of soluble sugars in living cells, and to transport them between living cells and up to the vessels, is identified as the main drivers of stem pressure build-up in the walnut tree.

Stem heating results in hydraulic dysfunction in Symplocos tinctoria: implications for post-fire tree death.

Fire-induced heating of stems can impair plant water transport by deforming xylem and increasing vulnerability to cavitation, but it is not clear whether these effects can result in tree death, or how quickly this may occur. In field experiments, we heated stems of Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Hér saplings to 90 °C using a thin-film resistive heater, and we monitored stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, sap flow and hydraulic conductivity until stem death. Sap flow and stomatal conductance declined quickly after heating, while whole-plant hydraulic conductance and leaf water potential remained high for the first week. In fact, leaf water potential increased during the first days after heating, indicating that stomatal closure was not initially caused by leaf water deficit induced by impaired water transport. After 1 week, leaf water potential and whole-plant conductance declined below unheated controls, while stomatal conductance and sap flow continued declining, approaching zero after 2 weeks. To better understand the cause of these declines, we directly measured hydraulic conductivity of heated stems. Stems underwent a progressive decline in conductivity after heating, and by the time that samples were severely wilted or desiccated, the heated portion of stems had little or no conductivity. Importantly, conductivity of heated stems was not recovered by flushing stems to remove embolisms, suggesting the existence of physical occlusions. Scanning electron micrographs did not reveal deformed cell walls, nor did it identify alternative causes of blockages. These results reveal that stem heating can result in xylem dysfunction and mortality, but neither response is immediate. Dysfunction was likely caused by wound responses rather than embolism, but improved understanding of the mechanisms of heat-induced hydraulic failure is needed.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Lindera glauca Extracts.

INTRODUCTION: The current study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts from Lindera glauca twig (LGT) and leaf/stem (LGLS). METHODS: The antioxidant activities were measured by total content of polyphenol and flavonoid, DPPH radical scavenging, and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect in the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, protein and mRNA expression of major inflammatory factors were analyzed using Western blot analysis and RT-PCR. RESULTS: The total polyphenol content of LGT and LGLS was 88.45 ± 11.74 and 115.75 ± 7.87 GA mg/g, respectively. The total flavonoid content was 66 ± 2.89 and 74.33 ± 2.89 QE mg/g. Both LGT and LGLS showed high DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities. Neither LGT nor LGLS was cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-inflammatory activities were measured by LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. LGT and LGLS showed inhibition of the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 at the protein and mRNA levels, as determined by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. In addition, the release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 mRNA expression levels of these cytokines was reduced by LGT and LGLS. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that LGT and LGLS extracts have potential for use as a functional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredient in cosmetic industry.

Side chain of confined xylan affects cellulose integrity leading to bending stem with reduced mechanical strength in ornamental plants.

The stem support for fresh-cut flowers exerts a profound influence on the display of their blossoms. During vase insertion, bending stems significantly affect the ornamental value, but much remains unclear about the underlying reasons. In this study, six pairs of ornamental plants were screened for the contrast of bending and straight stems. The bending stems have weakened mechanical force and biomass recalcitrance compared with the straight ones. Meanwhile, cells in the bending stems became more loosely packed, along with a decrease in cell wall thickness and cellulose levels. Furthermore, wall properties characterizations show bending stems have decreased lignocellulosic CrI and cellulose DP, and enhanced the branching ratio of hemicellulose which is trapped in the cellulose. Given the distinct cell wall factors in different species, all data are grouped in standardized to eliminate the variations among plant species. The principal composition analysis and correlation analysis of the processed dataset strongly suggest that cellulose association factors determine the stem mechanical force and recalcitrance. Based on our results, we propose a model for how branches of confined hemicellulose interacted with cellulose to modulate stem strength support for the straight or bending phenotype in cut flowers.

The quandary of sources and sinks of CO2 efflux in tree stems-new insights and future directions.

Stem respiration (RS) substantially contributes to the return of photo assimilated carbon to the atmosphere and, thus, to the tree and ecosystem carbon balance. Stem CO2 efflux (ECO2) is often used as a proxy for RS. However, this metric has often been challenged because of the uncertain origin of CO2 emitted from the stem due to post-respiratory processes. In this Insight, we (i) describe processes affecting the quantification of RS, (ii) review common methodological approaches to quantify and model RS and (iii) develop a research agenda to fill the most relevant knowledge gaps that we identified. Dissolution, transport and accumulation of respired CO2 away from its production site, reassimilation of respired CO2 via stem photosynthesis and the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, axial CO2 diffusion in the gas phase, shifts in the respiratory substrate and non-respiratory oxygen (O2) consumption are the most relevant processes causing divergence between RS and measured stem gas exchange (ECO2 or O2 influx, IO2). Two common methodological approaches to estimate RS, namely the CO2 mass balance approach and the O2 consumption technique, circumvent some of these processes but have yielded inconsistent results regarding the fate of respired CO2. Stem respiration modelling has recently progressed at the organ and tree levels. However, its implementation in large-scale models, commonly operated from a source-driven perspective, is unlikely to reflect adequate mechanisms. Finally, we propose hypotheses and approaches to advance the knowledge of the stem carbon balance, the role of sap pH on RS, the reassimilation of respired CO2, RS upscaling procedures, large-scale RS modelling and shifts in respiratory metabolism during environmental stress.

The benefits of woody plant stem photosynthesis extend to hydraulic function and drought survival in Parkinsonia florida.

As climate change exacerbates drought stress in many parts of the world, understanding plant physiological mechanisms for drought survival is critical to predicting ecosystem responses. Stem net photosynthesis, which is common in arid environments, may be a drought survival trait, but whether the additional carbon fixed by stems contributes to plant hydraulic function and drought survival in arid land plants is untested. We conducted a stem light-exclusion experiment on saplings of a widespread North American desert tree species, Parkinsonia florida L., and after shading acclimation, we then subjected half of the plants to a drought treatment to test the interaction between light exclusion and water limitation on growth, leaf and stem photosynthetic gas exchange, xylem embolism assessed with micro-computed tomography and gravimetric techniques, and survival. Growth, stem photosynthetic gas exchange, hydraulic function and survival all showed expected reductions in response to light exclusion. However, stem photosynthesis mitigated the drought-induced reductions in gas exchange, xylem embolism (percent loss of conductivity, PLC) and mortality. The highest mortality was in the combined light exclusion and drought treatment, and was related to stem PLC and native sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity. This research highlights the integration of carbon economy and water transport. Our results show that additional carbon income by photosynthetic stems has an important role in the growth and survival of a widespread desert tree species during drought. This shift in function under conditions of increasing stress underscores the importance of considering stem photosynthesis for predicting drought-induced mortality not only for the additional supply of carbon, but also for its extended benefits for hydraulic function.

Freeze dehydration vs supercooling in tree stems: physical and physiological modelling.

Frost resistance is the major factor affecting the distribution of plant species at high latitude and elevation. The main effects of freeze-thaw cycles are damage to living cells and formation of gas embolism in tree xylem vessels. Lethal intracellular freezing can be prevented in living cells by two mechanisms, such as dehydration and deep supercooling. We developed a multiphysics numerical model coupling water flow, heat transfer and phase change, considering different cell types in plant tissues, to study the dynamics and extent of cell dehydration, xylem pressure changes and stem diameter changes in response to freezing and thawing. Results were validated using experimental data for stem diameter changes of walnut trees (Juglans regia). The effect of cell mechanical properties was found to be negligible as long as the intracellular tension developed during dehydration was sufficiently low compared with the ice-induced cryostatic suction. The model was finally used to explore the coupled effects of relevant physiological parameters (initial water and sugar content) and environmental conditions (air temperature variations) on the dynamics and extent of dehydration. It revealed configurations where cell dehydration could be sufficient to protect cells from intracellular freezing, and situations where supercooling was necessary. This model, freely available with this paper, could easily be extended to explore different anatomical structures, different species and more complex physical processes.

Stem cutting: A novel introduction site for transporting water-insoluble particles into tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings.

The introduction of exogenous particles into plants has promising applications in agriculture and biotechnology. Nanoparticles can be transported into plants through foliar application or root uptake. However, both methods have limitations in terms of the size of the particles (<40 nm) that can be transported due to the barriers of the cell wall and cuticle. In the present study, we proposed a novel method to deliver particles of up to 110 nm into plants by cutting the stem of tomato seedlings. We demonstrated for the first time, using water-insoluble silica colloids, that not only nanoparticles but also submicron particles can be transported toward the leaves when the plant stem is used as the entry point of particles. Thirty-five-day-old tomato seedlings were used as the target plants. When the cut stem seedlings were immersed in the colloidal particle suspension for up to 24 h, significant particle accumulation was observed in the nodes and leaves. The relatively low particle concentrations (10 mg/L) allowed effective transport throughout the plants. Silica particles with average diameters of 10 nm and 110 nm were both well transported and moved through the stem. Even after the particles entered the plant, adventitious roots were formed, resulting in the formation of whole plants with roots, stems, and leaves. This method can be applied not only to tomatoes but also to other food crops for various applications in plant biotechnology.

Roseomonas populi sp. nov., an acetate-degrading bacteria isolated from the stem of Populus tomentosa.

Strain CN29T, isolated from the stem of 5- to 6-year-old Populus tomentosa in Shandong, China, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of CN29T were Gram-stain negative, aerobic, nonspore-forming, and nonmotile coccoid. Growth occurred at 20-37 °C, pH 4.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0), and with 0-1% NaCl (optimum, 1%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain CN29T was closely related to members of the genus Roseomonas and closest to Roseomonas pecuniae N75T (96.6%). This classification was further supported by phylogenetic analysis using additional core genes. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA‒DNA hybridization values between strain CN29T and Roseomonas populi CN29T were 82.7% and 27.8%, respectively. The genome size of strain CN29T was 5.87 Mb, with a G + C content of 70.9%. The major cellular fatty acids included summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c), C19:0 cyclo ω8c and C16:0. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, aminolipid, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. Strain CN29T can utilize acetate as a carbon source for growth and metabolism. Additionally, it contains acid phosphatase (2-naphthyl phosphate), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters. The CN29T strain contains several genes, including maeB, gdhB, and cysJ, involved in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling. These findings suggest that the strain may actively participate in ecosystem cycling, leading to soil improvement and promoting the growth of poplar trees. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, and genotypic characteristics, strain CN29T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas populi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CN29T (= JCM 35579T = GDMCC 1.3267T).

Air spaces bend light in plant stems.

Intercellular air spaces are necessary for phototropism in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Salicylic acid and RNA interference mediate antiviral immunity of plant stem cells.

Stem cells are essential for the development and organ regeneration of multicellular organisms, so their infection by pathogenic viruses must be prevented. Accordingly, mammalian stem cells are highly resistant to viral infection due to dedicated antiviral pathways including RNA interference (RNAi). In plants, a small group of stem cells harbored within the shoot apical meristem generate all postembryonic above-ground tissues, including the germline cells. Many viruses do not proliferate in these cells, yet the molecular bases of this exclusion remain only partially understood. Here, we show that a plant-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, after activation by the plant hormone salicylic acid, amplifies antiviral RNAi in infected tissues. This provides stem cells with RNA-based virus sequence information, which prevents virus proliferation. Furthermore, we find RNAi to be necessary for stem cell exclusion of several unrelated RNA viruses, despite their ability to efficiently suppress RNAi in the rest of the plant. This work elucidates a molecular pathway of great biological and economic relevance and lays the foundations for our future understanding of the unique systems underlying stem cell immunity.

Complex peptide hormone signaling in plant stem cells.

Peptide hormones influence diverse aspects of plant development through highly coordinated cell-cell signaling pathways. Many peptide hormone families play key roles in stem cell maintenance across land plants. In this review, we focus on recent work in two conserved peptide hormone families, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLEs) and ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR (RGFs), and their roles in regulating plant stem cells. We discuss recent work establishing downstream crosstalk between peptide hormones and other conserved signaling mechanisms in meristem maintenance as well as highlight advances in peptide hormone gene identification that provide important context for CLE/RGF family evolution across diverse plant lineages. CLE and RGF gene families have greatly expanded in angiosperms, contributing to the complex genetic regulation of stem cell homeostasis observed in model systems over the last 30 years. Peptide hormone duplications have resulted in genetic compensation mechanisms that ensure robust development through the function of paralogous genes. Broad conservation of genetic compensation across angiosperms highlights the importance of these mechanisms in developmental signaling and understanding their regulation could inform broader understanding of morphological diversity and evolutionary innovation.

[Application of Fe3[KG-*2/5]O4/Mulberry Stem Biochar Effects on Soil Arsenic Species and Rice Arsenic Content].

The passivation effect of Fe3O4/mulberry pole biochar (Fe-MBC) prepared at different carbonization temperatures on soil available arsenic content was studied through soil culture experiments, and Fe-MBC-800 (prepared by carbonization at 800℃) with good passivation effect was selected and characterized. The effects of 1%-7% (mass fraction of biochar to soil) Fe-MBC-800, MBC-800, and Fe3O4 on soil pH value, soil electrical conductivity, soil arsenic form, rice biomass, and total arsenic (As) content in rice were studied using a pot experiment. The results showed that:①Fe-MBC-800 successfully loaded Fe3O4, and its main functional groups were C=O double bond, O-H bond, C-O bond, and Fe-O bond. The specific surface areas of Fe-MBC-800, MBC-800, and Fe3O4 were 209.659 m2·g-1, 517.714 m2·g-1, and 68.025 m2·g-1, respectively. ②The addition of Fe-MBC-800 could increase the soil pH value, decrease the soil EC value, increase the content of residual arsenic in soil, and reduce the content of water-soluble arsenic and available arsenic in the soil. Under the treatment using 7% Fe-MBC-800 (ω) amendments, the content of water-soluble arsenic and available arsenic in the soil decreased by 81.6% and 56.33%, respectively. ③When the addition ratio of Fe-MBC-800 in the soil was 5%-7%, it could promote the growth of rice plants, increase rice biomass, and reduce the bioaccumulation of arsenic by between 62.5% and 68.75%.

Xylem structure and hydraulic function in roots and stems of chaparral shrub species from high and low elevation in the Sierra Nevada, California.

Xylem structure and hydraulics were compared between individuals at lower and upper elevation distribution limits for five chaparral shrub species along a steep transect in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Higher-elevation plants experienced frequent winter freeze-thaw events and increased precipitation. We hypothesized that environmental differences would lead to xylem trait differences between high and low elevations, but predictions were complicated because both water stress (low elevation) and freeze-thaw events (high elevation) may select for similar traits, such as narrow vessel diameter. We found significant changes in the ratio of stem xylem area to leaf area (Huber value) between elevations, with more xylem area required to support leaves at low elevations. Co-occurring species significantly differed in their xylem traits, suggesting diverse strategies to cope with the highly seasonal environment of this Mediterranean-type climate region. Roots were more hydraulically efficient and more vulnerable to embolism relative to stems, potentially due to roots being buffered from freeze-thaw stress, which allows them to maintain wider diameter vessels. Knowledge of the structure and function of both roots and stems is likely important in understanding whole-plant response to environmental gradients.

Inner bark vs sapwood is the main driver of nitrogen and phosphorus allocation in stems and roots across three tropical woody plant communities.

Nutrient allocation is central to understanding plant ecological strategies and forest roles in biogeochemical cycles. Thought to be mainly driven by environmental conditions, nutrient allocation to woody organs, especially to living tissues, is poorly understood. To examine the role of differences in living tissues (sapwood, SW, vs inner bark, IB), organs, ecological strategies, and environmental conditions in driving nutrient allocation and scaling in woody plants, we quantified nitrogen and phosphorus in main stems and coarse roots of 45 species from three tropical ecosystems with contrasting precipitation, fire regime, and soil nutrients. Nutrient concentration variation was mostly explained by differences between IB and SW, followed by differences between species and, in the case of phosphorus, soil nutrient availability. IB nutrient concentrations were four times those of SW, with root tissues having slightly higher concentrations than stem tissues. Scaling between IB and SW, and between stems and roots, was generally isometric. In cross-sections, IB contributed half of total nutrients in roots and a third in stems. Our results highlight the important role of IB and SW for nutrient storage, the coordination in nutrient allocation across tissues and organs, and the need to differentiate between IB and SW to understand plant nutrient allocation.

Exploring within-plant hydraulic trait variation: A test of the vulnerability segmentation hypothesis.

Observations show vulnerability segmentation between stems and leaves is highly variable within and between environments. While a number of species exhibit conventional vulnerability segmentation (stem P 50 < ${P}_{50}\lt $ leaf P 50 ${P}_{50}$ ), others exhibit no vulnerability segmentation and others reverse vulnerability segmentation (stem P 50 > ${P}_{50}\gt $ leaf P 50 ${P}_{50}$ ). We developed a hydraulic model to test hypotheses about vulnerability segmentation and how it interacts with other traits to impact plant conductance. We do this using a series of experiments across a broad parameter space and with a case study of two species with contrasting vulnerability segmentation patterns: Quercus douglasii and Populus trichocarpa. We found that while conventional vulnerability segmentation helps to preserve conductance in stem tissues, reverse vulnerability segmentation can better maintain conductance across the combined stem-leaf hydraulic pathway, particularly when plants have more vulnerable P 50 ${P}_{50}$ s and have hydraulic segmentation with greater resistance in the leaves. These findings show that the impacts of vulnerability segmentation are dependent upon other plant traits, notably hydraulic segmentation, a finding that could assist in the interpretation of variable observations of vulnerability segmentation. Further study is needed to examine how vulnerability segmentation impacts transpiration rates and recovery from water stress.

Characterization of hemicellulose in Cunninghamia lanceolata stem during xylogenesis.

In this study, hemicellulose was isolated from the apical, middle and basal segments of C. lanceolata stem to investigate the dynamic change of its structure during xylogenesis. Results showed that the C. lanceolata hemicellulose is mainly consisted of O-acetylgalactoglucomannan (GGM) which backbone is alternately linked by ß-d-mannopyranosyl (Manp) and ß-d-glucopyranosyl (Glcp) via (1 â†’ 4)-glycosidic bond, while the side chains are α-d-galactopyranosyl (Galp) and acetyl. In addition, 4-O-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) is another dominant structure of C. lanceolata hemicellulose which contains a linear backbone of (1 â†’ 4)-ß-d-xylopyranosyl (Xylp) and side chains of 4-O-Me-α-d-glucuronic acid (MeGlcpA) and α-L-arabinofuranose (Araf). The thickness of the cell wall, the ratio of GGM/GAX and the molecular weight of hemicellulose were increased as the extension of growth time. The degree of glycosyl substitutions of xylan and mannan was decreased from 10.34 % (apical) to 8.38 % (basal) and from 15.63 % (apical) to 10.49 % (basal), respectively. However, the total degree of acetylation was enhanced from 0.28 (apical) to 0.37 (basal). Transcriptome analysis showed that genes (CSLA9, IRX9H1, IRX10L, IRX15L, GMGT1, TBL19, TBL25, GUX2, GUX3, GXM1, F8H1 and F8H2) related to hemicellulose biosynthesis are mainly expressed in mature part. This study is of great significance for genetic breeding and high-value utilization of C. lanceolata.